• As previously discussed even though glucose is the

  2021-11-06

  

  As previously discussed, even though glucose is the major fuel of the brain, neuronal cells may use alternative fuels such as ketone bodies in metabolically challenging situations in which glucose availability is limited [6]. Ketogenesis takes place mainly in the liver, although astrocytes can also

• Compared to methadone or morphine

  2021-11-06

  

  Compared to methadone or morphine, buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid agonist, which shows high affinity for, and slow dissociation from, mu-opioid receptors. This maintenance of homeostasis may help to counter the development of an overt withdrawal syndrome, and may explain the lower risk of deve

• Fatty acids have been repeatedly

  2021-11-06

  

  Fatty acids have been repeatedly shown to increase the responsiveness of pancreatic islets to glucose both in vitro and in vivo[6]. The recent identification of GPR40 as a receptor for free fatty acids that is localized to the pancreatic islet cells has therefore stimulated interest in obtaining sma

• The presence of ghrelin s

  2021-11-06

  

  The presence of ghrelin's mRNA in the eye and the presence of ghrelin in the aqueous humor, along with a decrease of its levels in glaucoma, suggest a local role for this peptide in the ocular tissue [8], [16], [18]. There is no available data regarding the presence of GHSR-1 in the anterior segment

• br Pathological consequences of disruption

  2021-11-06

  

  Pathological consequences of disruption in the GABA/T current equilibrium This issue has been particularly investigated in the context of absence seizures. These seizures are non-convulsive epileptic attacks present in many generalized genetic epilepsies that are characterized by a sudden and rel

• So what makes a FFAR

  2021-11-06

  

  So what makes a FFAR1 agonist different and interesting? As shown in the , the cellular mechanism is different from those of present insulin-releasing pharmacotherapies—namely the secretion initiators (sulphonylureas and meglitinides) and the incretin-based secretion potentiators (glucagon-like pept

• Previous studies have shown that ox LDL induced hepatic sinu

  2021-11-06

  

  Previous studies have shown that ox-LDL-induced hepatic sinus dysfunction is the result of multiple pathways, multi-factorial regulation, and in the present study, we reported for the first time that ox-LDL regulates the basement membrane protein VN through the integrin αvβ5 pathway under high gluco

• To enhance the impact of GD as an immune

  2021-11-06

  

  To enhance the impact of GD2 as an immune target in this cancer, we investigated a novel strategy to upregulate expression on the cell surface of EwS cells by an epigenetic agent, based on the following rationale. Biosynthesis of GD2 and other gangliosides during organ development is driven by stage

• br Application of TIRFM to visualizing exocytosis TIRFM was

  2021-11-06

  

  Application of TIRFM to visualizing exocytosis TIRFM was first used to visualize exocytosis from large secretory granules from chromaffin saha drug (Steyer et al., 1997). Before that, visualization of secretory organelle was strictly limited to a few exceptions, such as mast cell of mutant mice,

• Allergic rhinitis characterized by inflammation of the

  2021-11-06

  

  Allergic rhinitis, characterized by inflammation of the nasal membrane, results from an over-activated immune system exposed to LY 2109761 in sensitized individuals, and is associated with nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and pruritus. As histamine is a key mediator in triggering allergic rhi

• br References and recommended reading Papers of particular i

  2021-11-06

  

  References and recommended reading Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: Introduction Male sexual maturation includes gonadal maturation, secondary sexual characteristics, and the attainment of reproductive capacity [1]. Male sexual di

• Our results show furthermore that higher concentrations

  2021-11-05

  

  Our results show furthermore, that higher concentrations of butyric Diclazuril additionally affect GSTP1 mRNA stability leading to a strongly reduced half-life. Concentration-dependent effects of butyric acid on RNA stability and cell signaling pathways involved in the regulation of GSTP1 expressio

• br A myriad of receptors in

  2021-11-05

  

  A myriad of receptors in WM To complicate the picture, WM glia express numerous non-glutamatergic neurotransmitter receptors, a fact that is often underappreciated when considering pathophysiology. When examined in isolated optic nerve, a central WM tract completely devoid of neuronal synapses, r

• With the advent of genome sequencing hexokinase gene

  2021-11-05

  

  With the advent of genome sequencing, hexokinase gene sequences are now available from a far greater number of vertebrate species, as well as from diverse non-vertebrate animal species. As indicated above, searches of vertebrate genome sequences revealed the existence of a novel fifth member of the

• br Funding This work was supported by the

  2021-11-05

  

  Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (RO1DK097550 to JT, RO1AG046619 to WAB and TS, and T32AG000057 to EMR, and T32DK007012 to SG) and by the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System Research and Development. Introduction In mammals, two isoforms of grow

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